{"id":25,"date":"2017-01-27T18:48:16","date_gmt":"2017-01-27T18:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chemistry.rogerfrost.com\/links\/?page_id=25"},"modified":"2024-07-29T09:31:06","modified_gmt":"2024-07-29T08:31:06","slug":"topics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/organic.rogerfrost.com\/links\/topics\/","title":{"rendered":"topics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-25\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-25-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div style=\"padding: 100px 0; \" data-overlay=\"true\" data-overlay-color=\"#000000\" class=\"panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-25-0\" ><div id=\"pgc-25-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-25-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-image panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div style=\"text-align: left;\" data-title-color=\"#443f3f\" data-headings-color=\"#443f3f\" class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-25-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-image so-widget-sow-image-default-dbf295114b96-25\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n\n<div class=\"sow-image-container\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/organic.rogerfrost.com\/links\/wp-content\/uploads\/bonding.gif\" width=\"446\" height=\"96\" sizes=\"(max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \t\tclass=\"so-widget-image\"\/>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-25-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" ><div style=\"text-align: left;\" data-title-color=\"#443f3f\" data-headings-color=\"#443f3f\" class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-25-0-0-1\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<p>Organic Chemistry is a quality animated online resource for teaching ages 15\u201318. It is packed with more than enough animations to ensure that your exam topics are well covered at different levels (e.g. year 1\/2 of the course). \u00a0We list them on this page. You can teach using your exam headings or using general headings (such as oxidation; nomenclature). There are also selected sets of animations for secondary level, biology and the alphabetical list below. You\u2019ll soon decide on the best of these numerous ways to access the animation.<\/p>\n<h6>MAIN TOPIC HEADINGS<\/h6>\n<h6>\u2022 alkanes - fuels<br \/> \u2022 alkanes &amp; alkenes<br \/> \u2022 alcohols<br \/> \u2022 amides<br \/> \u2022 amines<br \/> \u2022 amino acids<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection<br \/> \u2022 arenes<br \/> \u2022 bonding - hybridisation<br \/> \u2022 carbohydrates<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids<br \/> \u2022 DNA<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes<br \/> \u2022 isomerism<br \/> \u2022 nitriles<br \/> \u2022 polymers<br \/> \u2022 proteins and enzymes<br \/> \u2022 reaction pathways<\/h6>\n<h6>MAIN TOPIC DETAIL for Roger Frost's ORGANIC CHEMISTRY<\/h6>\n<h6>alkanes - fuels<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 fuels - formation of oil<br \/> \u2022 fuels - fractional distillation<br \/> \u2022 fuels - fractional distillation - exercise<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - reactions - combustion<br \/> \u2022 fuels - octane rating<br \/> \u2022 fuels - catalytic converter<br \/> \u2022 fuels - supply and demand<br \/> \u2022 fuels - isomerisation of alkanes for fuel<br \/> \u2022 fuels - cracking alkanes for fuel<br \/> \u2022 carbon compounds - thermal cracking of alkanes<br \/> \u2022 carbon compounds - reforming alkanes for fuel<br \/> \u2022 fuels - air pollution<br \/> \u2022 fuels - acid rain<\/p>\n<h6>alkanes - alkenes \u2013 see also fuels<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 alkanes - structure - homologous series<br \/> \u2022 hydrocarbons - introduction<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - cycloalkanes - structure<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - parent name<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - longest chain<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - numbering chains<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - substituents<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - exercise<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - reactions - combustion<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - reactions - chlorination of methane<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - free radical substitution - chlorination<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - free radical substitution - chlorination - summary<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - free radical substitution - chain reaction<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - free radical substitution \u2013 exercise<br \/> \u2022 alkanes - free radical substitution - bromination \u2013 exercise<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - structure - homologous series<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - IUPAC nomenclature<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - IUPAC nomenclature<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - IUPAC nomenclature - exercise - cis and trans<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - boiling points<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of bromine<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of bromine - mechanism<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of hydrogen<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of hydrogen - fats<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of hydrogen halide<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of hydrogen halide-mechanism<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of hydrogen halide - Markovnikov's rule<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition of water<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition with concentrated H2SO4 - mechanism<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - addition polymerisation<br \/> \u2022 alkenes - oxidation<\/p>\n<h6>alcohols<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 alcohols - homologous series - structure<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - classification I<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - classification II<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - classification - exercise<br \/> \u2022 boiling points - intermolecular forces<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - breaking the RO-H bond - reaction with sodium<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - breaking the RO-H bond - esterification<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - breaking the RO-H bond - with acyl chlorides<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - halogenation with hydrochloric acid and ZnCl2<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond with PCl5<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond - with phosphorus and iodine<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond - with hydrogen halide<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond - elimination of water using heat<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - elimination of water using concentrated acid<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - elimination of water - mechanism<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - oxidation - structure<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - oxidation to aldehyde<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - carboxylic acids from alcohols and aldehydes<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - triiodomethane reaction<br \/> \u2022 alcohols - triiodomethane reaction \u2013 exercise<\/p>\n<h6>amides<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 amides - nomenclature<br \/> \u2022 amides - physical properties<br \/> \u2022 amides - reduction<br \/> \u2022 amides - hydrolysis<br \/> \u2022 amides - form amines with bromine<br \/> amino acids<br \/> \u2022 amino acids \u2013 structure<br \/> \u2022 amino acids \u2013 optical activity<br \/> \u2022 amino acids \u2013 acids and bases<br \/> \u2022 amino acids \u2013 hydrogen bonding<br \/> \u2022 amino acids \u2013 form a peptide<br \/> \u2022 amino acids \u2013 hydrolysis of a peptide<\/p>\n<h6>amines<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 amines - structure<br \/> \u2022 amines - classification<br \/> \u2022 amines - compared with ammonia<br \/> \u2022 amines - solubility<br \/> \u2022 amines - boiling temperature<br \/> \u2022 amines - boiling points - exercise<br \/> \u2022 amines - complex ions<br \/> \u2022 amines - acting as bases<br \/> \u2022 amines - with nitric(III) acid<br \/> \u2022 amines - form amides with acyl chlorides<br \/> \u2022 amines - coupling reaction<br \/> \u2022 amines - making amines - reduction of nitriles<br \/> \u2022 amines - making amines - reduction of nitro compounds<br \/> \u2022 amines - making amines - ammonia and halogenoalkanes<br \/> analysis and detection<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - mass spectrometry - fragments<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - mass spectrometer<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - mass spectrometry - exercise<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - infrared spectroscopy<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - infrared spectroscopy - fingerprint region<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - infrared spectroscopy - use of nujol<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - infrared spectroscopy - interpreting spectra<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - infrared spectroscopy - exercise<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - low resolution NMR<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - high resolution NMR<br \/> \u2022 analysis and detection - NMR - exercise<\/p>\n<h6>arenes<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 arenes - introduction - benzene<br \/> \u2022 arenes - nomenclature - mono-substituted derivatives<br \/> \u2022 arenes - nomenclature - more than one substituent<br \/> \u2022 arenes - physical properties - melting and boiling points<br \/> \u2022 arenes - physical properties - solubility<br \/> \u2022 arenes - structure of benzene<br \/> \u2022 arenes - structure of benzene II<br \/> \u2022 arenes - evidence against the Kekul\u00e9 structure<br \/> \u2022 arenes - hybridisation - bonding in benzene<br \/> \u2022 arenes - structure - exercise<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - examples<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - chlorination<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - bromination<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - nitration<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - sulfonation<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - Friedel - Crafts alkylation<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - Friedel - Crafts acylation<br \/> \u2022 arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - exercise<br \/> \u2022 arenes - methylbenzene compared with benzene<br \/> \u2022 arenes - methylbenzene - activating and deactivating substituents<br \/> \u2022 arenes - methylbenzene - directing effect of substituents<br \/> \u2022 arenes - methylbenzene - chlorination of side chain<br \/> \u2022 arenes - methylbenzene - oxidation of side chain<br \/> \u2022 arenes - phenol - acidity<br \/> \u2022 arenes - phenol - reactivity - exercise<br \/> \u2022 arenes - phenol - reactions of - OH; sodium and sodium hydroxide<br \/> \u2022 arenes - phenol - reactions of - OH; esterification<br \/> \u2022 arenes - phenol - reaction of the ring - bromination<br \/> \u2022 arenes - phenol - reaction of the ring - nitration<br \/> \u2022 arenes - phenol - test using iron(III) chloride<br \/> bonding - hybridisation<br \/> \u2022 bonding in methane - hybridisation - bond angle<br \/> \u2022 bonding in methane - hybridisation - carbon electron configuration<br \/> \u2022 bonding in methane - hybridisation - exercise<br \/> \u2022 bonding in methane - hybridisation - exercise<br \/> \u2022 bonding in ethene - hybridisation - bond angle<br \/> \u2022 bonding in ethene - hybridisation - carbon electron configuration<br \/> \u2022 bonding in benzene - hybridisation<br \/> \u2022 bonding in ethyne - hybridisation - bond angle<br \/> \u2022 bonding in ethyne - hybridisation - carbon electron configuration<\/p>\n<h6>carbohydrates<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 carbohydrates \u2013 disaccharides<br \/> \u2022 carbohydrates \u2013 monosaccharides<br \/> \u2022 carbohydrates \u2013 polysaccharides<br \/> \u2022 carbohydrates \u2013 polysaccharides \u2013 hydrolysis<br \/> \u2022 carbohydrates \u2013 reducing sugars \u2013 Fehling\u201fs test<br \/> \u2022 carbohydrates \u2013 a &amp; \u00df glucose<\/p>\n<h6>carbonyl compounds<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 carbonyl compounds - nomenclature<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - polarity<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - carbon - oxygen double bond<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - susceptibility to reaction<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - nucleophilic addition<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - mechanism of nucleophilic addition<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - optical isomerism - 2-hydroxypropanenitrile<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - reduction<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - oxidation<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - triiodomethane<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - Tollen's reagent<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - Fehling's solution<br \/> \u2022 carbonyl compounds - condensation reaction<\/p>\n<h6>carboxylic acids<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 carboxylic acids - structure<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - nomenclature - exercise<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - dimerisation<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - dissociation - weak acid<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - dissociation - strong acid<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - form salts<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - resonance and bonding<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - resonance and bonding II<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - strength<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - acidity of chloroacids - exercise<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - making and breaking esters<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - form esters<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - saponification<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - saponification - model<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - form acyl chloride<br \/> \u2022 carboxylic acids - acid derivatives<br \/> \u2022 acid chlorides - structure<br \/> \u2022 acyl chlorides - compared with halogenoalkanes<br \/> \u2022 acid chlorides - with nucleophile<br \/> \u2022 acyl chlorides - with nucleophiles - mechanism<br \/> \u2022 acid derivatives - acid anhydride<\/p>\n<h6>DNA<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 DNA \u2013 base pairs and nucleotides<br \/> \u2022 DNA \u2013 nucleic acids \u2013 model<br \/> \u2022 DNA \u2013 nucleic acids \u2013 structure<br \/> \u2022 DNA \u2013 transcription to mRNA<br \/> \u2022 DNA \u2013 translation of mRNA to make protein<\/p>\n<h6>halogenoalkanes<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 halogenoalkanes - homologous series - structure<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes- IUPAC nomenclature<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - classification<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - classification - exercise<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - rate of hydrolysis<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - elimination or substitution<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - elimination - unsymmetric halogenoalkanes<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - reaction with alkali - exercise<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution reactions - polarity of C-X<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution reactions - strength of C-X<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution reactions - SN2<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution reactions - why not SN2<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution reactions - SN1<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution reactions: why SN1<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - substitution reactions - exercise<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - chlorofluoroalkanes<br \/> \u2022 halogenoalkanes - depletion of the ozone layer<\/p>\n<h6>isomerism<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 isomerism - structural isomerism - introduction I<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - structural isomerism - introduction II<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - structural isomerism - exercise - pentane<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - structural isomerism - chain isomerism<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - structural isomerism - position isomerism<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - structural isomerism - exercise<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - structural isomerism - functional group isomerism<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - bond rotation<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - restricted rotation<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - exercises<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - retinal<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - fluoroethene<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism - chiral carbon<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism - non-superimposable<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism - enantiomers<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism - optical activity<br \/> \u2022 isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism \u2013 limonene<\/p>\n<h6>nitriles - structure<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 nitriles - physical properties<br \/> \u2022 nitriles - reduction<br \/> \u2022 nitriles - hydrolysis<br \/> \u2022 nitriles - making nitriles - exercises<br \/> polymers<br \/> \u2022 polymers - addition polymers II - examples<br \/> \u2022 polymers - addition and condensation<br \/> \u2022 polymers - addition polymers I - free radical<br \/> \u2022 polymers - natural polymers - rubber<br \/> \u2022 polymers - polyalkenes - stereoisomers<br \/> \u2022 polymers - condensation polymers - polyester<br \/> \u2022 polymers - condensation polymers - polyamide<br \/> \u2022 polymers - making nylon - phenol<br \/> \u2022 polymers - bakelite - phenol<br \/> \u2022 polymers - proteins - wool<br \/> \u2022 polymers - elastomer<\/p>\n<h6>proteins - enzymes<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 proteins - primary structure<br \/> \u2022 proteins - secondary structure - interactions<br \/> \u2022 proteins - secondary structure<br \/> \u2022 proteins - secondary structure - exercise<br \/> \u2022 proteins - structure - exercise<br \/> \u2022 proteins - tertiary structure<br \/> \u2022 proteins - tertiary structure - hydrophobic groups<br \/> \u2022 proteins - secondary structure - ionic or salt bridges<br \/> \u2022 proteins - quaternary structure - haemoglobin<br \/> \u2022 proteins - secondary structure - interactions<br \/> \u2022 proteins - enzymes - secondary structure - inhibitors<br \/> \u2022 proteins - enzymes - effect of pH<br \/> \u2022 proteins - enzymes - effect of temperature<br \/> \u2022 proteins - enzymes - effect of concentration<\/p>\n<h6>reaction pathways<\/h6>\n<p>\u2022 reactions - organic synthesis \u2013 exercise<br \/> \u2022 reactions - synthesis pathways \u2013 exercise<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-25-0-1\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-25-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sydney_video_widget sydney_video_widget_widget panel-first-child\" data-index=\"2\" ><div style=\"text-align: left;\" data-title-color=\"#443f3f\" data-headings-color=\"#443f3f\" class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-25-0-1-0\" ><div class=\"sydney-video vid-normal\"><div class=\"video-overlay\"><div class=\"sydney-video-inner\"><span class=\"close-popup\"><i class=\"fa fa-times\"><\/i><\/span><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"SLIDESHOW - Organic Chemistry by Roger Frost\" width=\"1170\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Rsu3k3vlStU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><div class=\"video-text\"><\/div><a href=\"#\" class=\"toggle-popup\"><i class=\"fa fa-play\"><\/i><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"panel-25-0-1-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sydney_action sydney_action_widget\" data-index=\"3\" ><div style=\"text-align: left;\" data-title-color=\"#443f3f\" data-headings-color=\"#443f3f\" class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-25-0-1-1\" >        <div class=\"roll-promobox \">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"promo-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"promo-controls\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/organic.rogerfrost.com\/images\/organic_chemistry_topic_list.pdf\" class=\"roll-button border\">Topic list - 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It is packed with more than enough animations to ensure [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/page_fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Topics covered - Roger Frost&#039;s Organic Chemistry Animation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/organic.rogerfrost.com\/links\/topics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Topics covered - Roger Frost&#039;s Organic Chemistry Animation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Organic Chemistry is a quality animated online resource for teaching ages 15\u201318. 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