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| alcohols |
| alcohols - classification
alcohols - breaking the RO-H bond - reaction with sodium
alcohols - breaking the RO-H bond - esterification
alcohols - breaking the RO-H bond - with acyl chlorides
alcohols - halogenation with hydrochloric acid and ZnCl2 catalyst
alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond with PCl5
alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond - with phosphorus and iodine
alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond - with hydrogen halide
alcohols - breaking the R-OH bond - elimination of water using heat
alcohols - elimination of water using concentrated acid
alcohols - elimination of water - mechanism
alcohols - oxidation - structure
alcohols - triiodomethane reaction
alkanes - structure - homologous series # |
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| alkanes - alkenes |
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alkanes – combustion #
alkanes – reactions: chlorination of methane
alkanes – free radical substitution - bromination - exercise
alkanes – free radical substitution - chain reaction
alkanes – free radical substitution - chlorination
alkanes – free radical substitution - summary
alkanes – free radical substitution - exercise
alkanes - structure - homologous series #
cycloalkanes - structure #
alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - exercise #
alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - longest chain #
alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - numbering #
alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - parent name #
alkanes - IUPAC nomenclature - substituents
alkanes - structure - homologous series #
alkenes - addition of bromine #
alkenes - addition of bromine - mechanism
alkenes - addition of hydrogen
alkenes - addition of hydrogen - fats #
alkenes - addition of hydrogen halide
alkenes - addition of hydrogen halide - Markovnikovs rule
alkenes - addition of hydrogen halide - mechanism
alkenes - addition of water #
alkenes - addition polymerisation #
alkenes - IUPAC nomenclature #
alkenes - IUPAC nomenclature - exercise - cis and trans
alkenes - oxidation
alkenes - structure - homologous series
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| amides |
amides - nomenclature
amides - form amines with bromine
amides - hydrolysis
amides - physical properties
amides - reduction
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| amines |
amines – structure
amines – classification
amines – compared with ammonia
amines – boiling temperature
amines – solubility
amines – complex ions
amines – making amines – reduction of nitriles
amines – making amines – reduction of nitro compounds
amines – making amines – ammonia and halogenoalkanes
amines – acting as bases
amines – with nitric(III) acid
amines – form amides with acyl chlorides
amines – coupling reaction
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| amino acids |
amino acids – structure
amino acids – optical activity
amino acids – acids and bases
amino acids – hydrogen bonding
amino acids – form a peptide
amino acids – hydrolysis of a peptide
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| analysis and
detection |
analysis and detection - mass spectrometry - fragments
analysis and detection - mass spectrometer
analysis and detection – mass spectrometry - exercise
analysis and detection - infrared spectroscopy
analysis and detection – low resolution NMR
analysis and detection – high resolution NMR
analysis and detection – NMR - exercise
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| arenes |
arenes - introduction - benzene
arenes - physical properties - melting and boiling points
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - examples
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - chlorination
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - bromination
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - nitration
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - sulfonation
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - Friedel - Crafts alkylation
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - Friedel - Crafts acylation
arenes - electrophilic aromatic substitution - exercise
arenes - structure of benzene
arenes - methylbenzene compared with benzene
arenes - methylbenzene - activating and deactivating substituents
arenes - methylbenzene - chlorination of side chain
arenes - methylbenzene - oxidation of side chain
arenes - phenol – acidity
arenes - phenol - reactions of - OH; sodium and sodium hydroxide
arenes - phenol - reactions of - OH; esterification
arenes - phenol - test using iron(III) chloride
arenes - phenol - reaction of the ring - bromination
arenes - phenol - reaction of the ring - nitration
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| bonding -
hybridisation |
bonding - hybridisation - bonding in benzene
bonding - hybridisation - bonding in ethene
bonding - hybridisation - bonding in ethyne
bonding - hybridisation - bonding in methane #
bonding - hybridisation - carbon: electron configuration
bonding - hybridisation - carbon: excited state electron configuration
bonding - hybridisation - methane - sp3
bonding - hybridisation - sp
bonding - hybridisation - sp2 |
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| carbohydrates |
carbohydrates – disaccharides #
carbohydrates – monosaccharides #
carbohydrates – polysaccharides #
carbohydrates – polysaccharides – hydrolysis
carbohydrates – reducing sugars – Fehling’s test
carbohydrates – a & ß glucose
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| carbon compounds |
carbon compounds – hydrocarbons - introduction #
carbon compounds – alkenes – boiling points #
carbon compounds - boiling points - intermolecular forces #
carbon compounds – boiling points – exercise
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| carbonyl
compounds |
carbonyl compounds - carbon - oxygen double bond
carbonyl compounds – condensation reaction
carbonyl compounds - nomenclature
carbonyl compounds - nucleophilic addition
carbonyl compounds - mechanism of nucleophilic addition
carbonyl compounds - 2-hydroxypropanenitrile - exercise
carbonyl compounds - oxidation
carbonyl compounds - polarity
carbonyl compounds - polyesters
carbonyl compounds – reduction
carbonyl compounds - susceptibility to reaction
carbonyl compounds - tests - Fehling's solution
carbonyl compounds - tests - Tollen's reagent
carbonyl compounds - triiodomethane |
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| carboxylic acids |
carboxylic acids – compared with phenol & ethanol
carboxylic acids - dimerisation
carboxylic acids - dissociation
carboxylic acids – exercise – acidity of chloroacids
carboxylic acids – form acyl chloride
carboxylic acids – form esters
carboxylic acids – form salts
carboxylic acids – making and breaking esters
carboxylic acids – resonance and bonding
carboxylic acids – saponification
carboxylic acids – acid strength
carboxylic acids – structure
carboxylic acids – structure - exercise
carboxylic acids - acid derivatives
acid chlorides – structure
acid chlorides – compared with halogenoalkanes
acid chlorides – with nucleophile
acid chlorides – with nucleophiles - mechanism
acid chlorides – acid anydride
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| DNA |
DNA – base pairs and nucleotides #
DNA – nucleic acids – model #
DNA – nucleic acids – structure
DNA – transcription to mRNA #
DNA – translation of mRNA to make protein #
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| alkanes - fuels |
alkanes – fuels – formation of oil #
alkanes – fuels – acid rain #
alkanes - fuels - fractional distillation #
alkanes – fuels – air pollution #
alkanes – fuels – catalytic converter #
alkanes – fuels - cracking alkanes for fuel #
alkanes - fuels - isomerisation of alkanes for fuel
alkanes – fuels - octane rating #
alkanes – fuels - thermal cracking alkanes #
alkanes - fuels - reforming alkanes for fuel #
alkanes – fuels - supply and demand # |
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| halogenoalkanes |
halogenoalkanes - homologous series - structure
halogenoalkanes – classification
halogenoalkanes – classification - exercise
halogenoalkanes – chlorofluoroalkanes #
halogenoalkanes – depletion of the ozone layer #
halogenoalkanes – elimination or substitution
halogenoalkanes - IUPAC nomenclature #
halogenoalkanes – rate of hydrolysis
halogenoalkanes – substitution
halogenoalkanes – substitution reactions – SN1
halogenoalkanes – substitution reactions – SN2
halogenoalkanes – substitution reactions – why not SN2?
halogenoalkanes – substitution reactions – why SN1?
halogenoalkanes – substitution reactions – exercise
halogenoalkanes – polarity of carbon - halogen bond
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| New GCSE - KS4 2006
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| Topics that are useful for GCSE Chemistry and Biology are marked # |
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| isomerism |
isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric
isomerism
isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - bond rotation
isomerism - stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - restricted rotation
isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism
isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism - chiral carbon
isomerism - stereoisomerism - optical isomerism - optical activity
isomerism - structural isomerism – chain isomerism
isomerism - structural isomerism - exercise
isomerism - structural isomerism – functional group isomerism
isomerism - structural isomerism - position isomerism
isomerism- stereoisomerism - geometric isomerism - exercises |
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| nitriles |
nitriles - making nitriles - exercise
nitriles - physical properties
nitriles - reduction
nitriles - structure
nitriles - hydrolysis |
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| polymers |
polymers – addition & condensation #
polymers – addition polymers #
polymers - bakelite - phenol #
polymers – condensation polymers #
polymers – elastomer #
polymers - making nylon - phenol
polymers – natural polymers - rubber #
polymers – polyalkenes - stereoisomers #
polymers - polyamides
polymers – proteins - wool #
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| proteins |
proteins – enzymes – effect of pH #
proteins – enzymes – effect of substrate concentration #
proteins – enzymes – effect of temperature #
proteins - enzymes – induced fit
proteins – enzymes – inhibitors
proteins - primary structure #
proteins - secondary structure
proteins – secondary structure - exercise
proteins – secondary structure - interactions #
proteins – secondary structure – ionic or salt bridges
proteins – tertiary structure
proteins – tertiary structure – hydrophobic groups
proteins – quaternary structure – dynamics
proteins – quaternary structure - haemoglobin #
proteins – structure - exercise |
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| reactions |
reactions - organic synthesis – exercise
reactions - synthesis pathways – exercise |
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*greyed topics are nominally 'upper sixth'
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